Pioneering work
- work which explores previously uncharted territory
创举：史无前例 ， 探索从未有人的领域
- E.g. “Hans-Paul Schwefel has responded to rapidly growing interest in Evolutionary Computation, a field that originated, in part, with his pioneering work in the early 1970s”.
例如：Has-Paul Schwefel回应了对进化计算这一热点领域 ， 该领域有一部分是在二十世纪70年代发源的 。
Positive feature
- something good
积极特征：好的方面
- E.g. “The great chemicaldiversity is a positive feature in that it indicates the likelihood that avariety of approaches can be made to prevention”.
例如：伟大化学方面的多样性是一大积极特征 ， 显示了各种防治手段可以人为的可能性 。
Qualitatively different
- differences relating toquality as opposed to quantity
质的不同：质量上的不同而非数量上的不同
- E.g. “Current methods for generating qualitatively different plans are either based on simpler andomisation of planning decisions”.
例如：目前我们产生质的不同的计划是基于简单的计划决定的随机性
Quantitative study
- a study which focuses on aspectsof quantity
定量研究：一项专注于数量的研究
- E.g. “Qualitative and quantitative studies were performed on pulmonary blood vessels in lung tissue obtained by biopsy, pneumonectomy, or autopsy”.
- 例如：通过活体组织切片、肺切除手术和尸检 ， 定量和定性研究都对于肺部组织的肺血管进行 。
Raise a question
- necessitates an obvious enquiry
提出质疑：提出一个明显而必要的疑问
- E.g. “At the same time, italso raises the question of whether a single reform can meet the very different objectives of different supporters”.
例如：同时 ， 这也对我们提出了质疑 ， 是否单个的改革可以针对不同的支持者的对象 。
Rapid expansion
- to grow larger at a fast rate
快速扩张：大规模快速增长
- E.g. “It has been suggested that the rapid expansion could be the result of human activities causing habitat disturbances or stresses such as pollution”.
例如：有人提出 ， 快速的扩张可能是由人类活动导致的 ， 从而引起了居住的不适、压力譬如污染 。
Reach a consensus
- develop a general agreement
达成共识
- E.g. “A consensus conferencewas organized to evaluate the data and reach a consensus on optimal treatment protocols”.
例如：组织召开了一次共识会议 ， 会上评估了数据 ， 对更佳治疗方案达成共识 。
Reciprocal relationship
- benefiting both partiesequally
互惠关系：双方受益
- E.g. “The aim of the presentstudy is to examine the reciprocal relationship between parental attachment andadolescent internalising and externalising problem behaviour”.
例如：当前研究的目的是为了探究亲子依恋和成人内化和外化问题行为的互惠关系 。
Seem plausible
- appear possible or likely
似乎有道理：貌似可行
- E.g. “Again, even though theresults seem plausible, they are hard to interpret in the absence of a theory”.
例如：即便结果似乎有道理 ， 没有理论就很难解释 。
Specific examples
- focussed examples
特例
- E.g. “The specific examplesused are shown to have a substantial biasing effect on diagnostic accuracy”.
例如：我们使用的特例显示我们对诊断的精确性有显著的偏差 。
Theoretical approach
- focussing on theories ratherthan practical application
理论研究 *** ：专注于理论而非实践
- E.g. “A new theoreticalapproach to language has emerged in the past 10–15years that allows linguistic observations about form–meaningpairings, known as 'constructions', to be stated directly”.
例如：在过去10-15年间产生了新的研究语言的 *** ， 这种 *** 允许对语言的形式（含义配对）进行观察研究 ， 称作“结构主义” ， 如果直接表述的话 。
Typical example
- an example which is common orexpected in its outcome
典型例子：一个普遍而且大致能预料到的例子 。
- E.g. “A typical example wouldbe the design of a trial to evaluate the benefits of specialist stroke units”.
一个典型例子就是我们进行一次试验 ， 评估专家的卒中单元 。
Underlying assumption
- a belief which dictates otherbeliefs
根本的假设：其他意见基于该假设
- E.g. “Much of ecological theory is based on the underlying assumption of equilibrium population dynamics”.
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