DUCK 谣言检测《DUCK: Rumour Detection on Social Media by Modelling User and Comment Propagation Networks》
论文信息
论文标题:DUCK: Rumour Detection on Social Media by Modelling User and Comment Propagation Networks论文作者:Lin Tian, Xiuzhen Zhang, Jey Han Lau论文来源:2022,NAACL论文地址:download 论文代码:download1 Introduction本文的模型研究了如何充分利用用户和评论信息 , 对比之前的方法,有以下不同:
(1) we model comments both as a:
(i) stream to capture the temporal nature of evolving comments;
(ii) network by following the conversational structure (see Figure 1 for an illustration);
(2) our comment network uses sequence model to encode a pair of comments before feeding them to a graph network, allowing our model to capture the nuanced charac- teristics (e.g. agreement or rebuttal) exhibited by a reply;
(3) when modelling the users who engage with a story via graph networks, we initialise the user nodes with encodings learned from their profiles and characteristics of their “friends” based on their social networks.
2 Problem Statement
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3 Methodology总体框架:
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包括如下几个部分:
(1) comment tree: models the comment network by following the reply-to structure using a combination of BERT and graph attentional networks;(2) comment chain: models the comments as a stream using transformer-based sequence models;(3) user tree: incorporates social relations to model the user network using graph attentional networks;(4) rumour classifier: combines the output from comment tree, comment chain and user tree to classify the source post.
请注意,user tree 的网络结构不同于 comment tree 的网络结构,因为前者同时捕获 comment 和 reposts/retweets,但后者只考虑 comment(Figure 1) 。
3.1 Comment Tree基于 GNN 的建模 comment 之间的关系的模型通常使用的是简单的文本特征(bag-of-words),忽略了 comment 之间的微妙关系("stance" or "deny")关系 。
所以,本文采用预训练语言模型 BERT 和 GAT 去建模 comment tree,具体参见 Figure 2:
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首先,使用 BERT 去处理一对 parent-child posts ,然后使用 GAT 去建模整个 conversational strucure。( self-attention 在 parent-child 之间的词产生细粒度的分析)
以 Figure 2 中的 comment tree 为例,这意味着我们将首先使用 BERT 处理以下几对 comments {(0, 0),(0, 1),(0, 2),(2, 6),(2, 7),(6, 9)}:
$h_{p+q}=\mathrm{BERT}\left(\mathrm{emb}\left([C L S], c_{p},[S E P], c_{q}\right)\right)$
其中,$c$ 表示 text,$emb()$ 表示 embedding function,$h$ 表示由 BERT 产生的 [CLS] 标记的上下文表示 。
为了模拟 conversational network structure ,本文使用图注意网络 GAT 。为了计算 $h_{i}^{(l+1)}$,在迭代 $l+1$ 次时对节点 $i$ 的编码:
$\begin{array}{l}e_{i j}^{(l)} &=&\operatorname{LR}\left(a^{(l)^{T}}\left(W^{(l)} h_{i}^{(l)} \oplus W^{(l)} h_{j}^{(l)}\right)\right) \\h_{i}^{(l+1)} &=&\sigma\left(\sum\limits _{j \in \mathcal{N}(i)} \operatorname{softmax}\left(e_{i j}^{(l)}\right) z_{j}^{(l)}\right)\end{array}$
为了聚合节点编码以得到一个图表示($\left(z_{c t}\right)$),探索了四种方法:
root:Uses the root encoding to represent the graph as the source post
$z_{c t}=h_{0}^{L}$
$\neg root$: Mean-pooling over all nodes except the root:
$z_{c t}=\frac{1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^{m} h_{i}^{L}$
where $m$ is the number of replies/comments.
$\Delta$ : Mean-pooling of the root node and its immediate neighbours:
$z_{c t}=\frac{1}{|\mathcal{N}(0)|} \sum_{i \in \mathcal{N}(0)} h_{i}^{L}$
all: Mean-pooling of all nodes:
$z_{c t}=\frac{1}{m+1} \sum_{i=0}^{m} h_{i}^{L}$
3.2 Comment Chain本文按照它们发布的顺序将这些帖子建模为一个流结构,而不是一个树结构,处理 comment chain 考虑了三种模型:
(1) one-tier transformer(2) longformer(3) two-tier transformer
3.2.1 One-tier transformer
给定一个源帖子 $\left(c_{0}\right)$ 和 comment $\left(\left\{c_{1}, \ldots, c_{m}\right\}\right)$,我们可以简单地将它们连接成一个长字符串,并将其提供给 BERT:
$z_{c c}=\operatorname{BERT}\left(\mathrm{emb}\left([C L S], c_{0},[S E P], c_{1}, \ldots, c_{m^{\prime}}\right)\right)$
其中,$m^{\prime}(<m)$ 是我们可以合并的不超过 BERT 的最大序列长度的 comment(实验中是384个) 。
3.2.2 Longformer为规避序列长度的限制,实验使用了一个 Longformer,它可以处理多达4096个子词,允许使用大部分 comment,如果不是所有的评论 。
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